ITINERANT JUSTICE AND PROACTIVE LEGAL SERVICES
ORIGINS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Keywords:
itinerant justice, proactive legal services, access to justice, remote areas, law reformAbstract
This article examines itinerant justice and proactive legal services serving remote areas and the distinction between these modes of legal service delivery. It examines foreign and historical precedents for mobile legal services and the lessons that emerge from this experience. The article also considers how these legal services should be evaluated and questions their present scope by asking whether in the future there should be a greater emphasis on collective legal action, or structural as well as individual casework. Finally, the article looks at future planning and considers specific reforms that might enhance their contribution, particularly for those in remote or Indigenous communities.
References
ABEL, Richard. ‘Conservative Conflict and the Reproduction of Capitalism: The role of Informal Justice’ (1981) 9 International Jour. Sociology of Law 245.
BAKER, H. John. An Introduction to English Legal History (1979, 2nd edn, Butterworths).
BALDEZ, Miguel Lanzellotti Baldez. ‘Sobre o papel do direito na sociedade capitalista. Ocupações coletivas: Direito insurgente’ (1989, Centro de Defesa dos Direitos Humanos). Available at: <https://forumjustica.vlannetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/24135779-Miguel-Lanzellotti-Baldez-Sobre-o-papel-do-direito-na-sociedade capitalista-direito-insurgente.pdf>.
BANKOWSKI, Zenon & MUNGHAM, Geoff. Images of Law (1976, Routledge).
BBC. ‘The boss of Rio Tinto resigned as a consequence of this destruction’. (Sept 11, 2020). Available at: <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-54112991>.
BLACKSELL, Mark, ECONOMIDES Kim & WATKINS. Charles. Justice Outside the City: Access to Legal Services in Rural Britain (1991, Longman).
BLANKENBURG, Erhard. ‘Mobilisation of the Law’ (1984) 2(4). Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 461.
CARVALHO, Amilton Bueno de Carvalho. Magistratura e Direito Alternativo (2005, 7th edn, Lumen Juris).
CARVALHO, José Murilo. Cidadania no Brasil: o longo caminho (2004, Civilização Brasileira).
CHAYES, Abram. 'The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation' (1976) 89 Harvard Law Review 1281.
COCKBURN, J S. A History of the English Assizes 1558-1714 (1972, Cambridge UP).
COVERDALE, Richard. ‘Postcode justice: rural and regional disadvantage in the administration of the law’ (2011) 16(1) Deakin Law Review 155.
CREE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT (n.d.). Available at: <https://www.creejustice.ca/index.php/ca/itinerant-court>.
ECONOMIDES, Kim. ‘Small Claims and Procedural Justice’ (1980) 7 British Journal of Law and Society, 111.
______________, Kim. ‘Reading the Waves of Access to Justice’ (1999) 31(1) Bracton Law Journal.
_____________, Kim. ‘Devon Law Bus’ May 2003, Legal Action, 9-10.
_____________, Kim. ‘Strategies for Meeting Rural Legal Needs: Lessons from Local, Regional and International Experience’ (2011) 16(1) Deakin Law Review 47.
_____________, Kim, HAUG, Alfred & MCINTYRE, Joe. ‘Toward Timeliness in Civil Justice’ (2015) 41:2 Monash University Law Review 414-444.
______________, Kim. ‘On Liberating Law from the tyranny of the City’ in FERRAZ, Leslie S (ed), Repensando o Acesso à Justiça: Estudos Internacionais (2016, Evocati), 151.
______________, Kim. & BLACKSELL, Mark. ‘Access to Justice in Rural Britain: Final Report’ (1987) 16:4 Anglo-American Law Review 353-375.
_____________. Kim, HAUG, Alfred A & MCINTYRE, Joe. ‘Toward Timeliness in Civil Justice’ (2015) 41:2 Monash University Law Review 414-444.
_____________. Kim, TIMOSCHANKO, Aaron & FERRAZ, Leslie S. "Justice at the Edge: Hearing the Sound of Silence" (2020) 41(1) Adelaide Law Review 39.
FALCÃO, Joaquim. Conflito de Direito de Propriedade – Invasões Urbanas (1974, Forense).
FARINELLI, Alisson Henrique do Prado. A crise do acesso à justiça e a justiça itinerante como alternativa (2009, Dissertação, Umuarama, Universidade Paranaense). Available at: <http://livros01.livrosgratis.com.br/cp124567.pdf>.
FOE. Violence in Marree – WMC Interference (March 5, 1995). Available at: <https://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/oz/u/roxby/1990s> (n.d.).
HART, Caroline. The Seven Elements of Successful Country Law Firms (2018, Federation Press).
FERRARI, Philippe Cunha. Justiça Itinerante: de barco, de ônibus e de avião: em busca da Justiça (2017, Multifoco).
FERRAZ, Leslie. ‘Brazilian Itinerant Justice: An Effective Model to Improve Access to Justice to Disadvantaged People?’ in FERRAZ, Leslie (ed), Repensando o Acesso à Justiça: Estudos Internacionais (2016, Evocati).
FRENCH, Robert. ‘Law and Justice Outside the CBD’ (2011) 16(1) Deakin Law Review 1.
GALANTER, Marc. 'Why the Haves Come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change' (1974) 9 Law & Soc'y Rev 95.
______________, Marc. ‘Access to Justice in a World of Expanding Social Capability’ (2010) 37(1) Fordham Urban Law Journal 115.
GARTH, Bryant. Neighborhood Law Firms for the Poor (1980, Sijthoff).
GAULIA, Cristina Tereza, A experiência da Justiça Itinerante: o espaço de encontro da magistratura com a população brasileira (2020, Mauad).
HOLSTON, James. Cidadania insurgente: disjunções da democracia e da modernidade no Brasil (2013, Companhia das Letras).
IPEA, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Democratização do Acesso à Justiça e Efetivação de Direitos: Justiça Itinerante no Brasil (2015, IPEA Research Report).
JWB - Justice Without Borders (n.d.). Available at: <https://forjusticewithoutborders.org/about/>.
KOENIG, Kevin. Manufacturing Consent: Ecuador to Draft New Bill on the Consultation of Indigenous Peoples, Without Consulting Them. Amazon Watch (Nov 18, 2020). Available at: <amazonwatch.org/news/2020/1118-manufacturing-consent-ecuador-to-draft-new-fpic-bill-without-indigenous-consultation>.
LAVARCH, Michael. ‘A New Stolen Generation?” (2017) 19 Flinders Law Journal 1.
LAW COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA, The Justice Project: RRR Australians (Final Report, 2017) 7. Available at: <https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/files/web-pdf/Justice%20Project/Final%20Report/Rural%20Regional%20and%20Remote%20%28RRR%29%20Australians%20%28Part%201%29.pdf >.
LWOB - Lawyers Without Borders (n.d.). Available at: <https://www.lawyerswithoutborders.org>.
MARCHETTI, Elena & DALY, Kathleen. ‘Indigenous courts and Justice Practices in Australia’ (2004) 277 Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 277.
MOREIRA, Rafaela Selem. Do acesso à justiça para a cidadania à construção da cidadania para a justiça: decodificando o potencial da justiça itinerante (2017, Tese, Niterói, Universidade Federal Fluminense).
PLEASENCE, Pascoe. ‘Learning from the Paths to Justice Tradition: are Legal Needs Surveys Feasible in Brazil?’ in ALVES, Cleber Francisco & GONZÁLEZ, Pedro (eds), Defensoria Pública no Século XXI: Novos Horizontes e Desafios (2020, 2nd edn, Lumen Juris).
RAMSTEDT, Martin & ECONOMIDES, Kim, ‘Anthropological and postcolonial approaches: On socio-cultural dimensions of the access-to-justice problem and the need to learn from First Nations and Indigenous tribal peoples’ - IV Global Thematic Reports, Ch.8 in Vol.1 – A New Global Survey, Global Access to Justice Project (forthcoming, 2021).
RANGIAH, Darryl. ‘Aboriginal Natives Shall not be Counted: Legal and Societal Change 50 years on from the 1967 Referendum’ (2019-20) 21:1 Flinders Law Journal 31.
REMOTE COURTS WORLDWIDE (n.d.). Available at: <https://remotecourts.org>.
REMOTE JUSTICE STORIES (n.d.). Available at: <https://www.remotejusticestories.org>.
REMOTE LAW CANADA (n.d.). Available at: < https://www.remotelawcanada.com>
RIBAS, Luiz Otávio. ‘O adeus à Miguel Baldez: ícone da advocacia popular brasileira’, Brasil de Fato, 11 June 2020.
SÁ, Eduardo, BERNARDO, Gabriel & RESENDE, Gilka. ‘O direito à moradia: entrevista com Miguel Baldez’, Vai encarar? (July, 5 2010). Available at: < https://vaiencarar.wordpress.com/2010/07/05/em-defesa-da-moradia-popular-entrevista-com-miguel-baldez-por-fazendo-media/>.
SADEK, Maria Tereza. ‘Judiciário: mudanças e reformas’ (2004) 18 (51) Estudos Avançados 89. Available at: <https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v18n51/a05v1851.pdf>.
SIEGEL, Natalie. ‘Bush Courts of Remote Australia’ (2002) 76(10) Australian Law Journal 640.
SMILLIE, John. ‘Who wants Juristocracy?” (2006) 11 Otago Law Review 183.
THOMAS, R W, ROBSON. B T & NUTTER, R D. County Court Workloads: A Location-Allocation Analysis (1989, Working Paper 7, Centre for Urban Policy Studies, School of Geography, University of Manchester, UK).
VIEIRA, Aluizio. ‘Ações de justiça e cidadania são levadas a indígenas de Roraima’ 18 April, 2019. Available at: <http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/7492/1/RP_Democrratiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_2015.pdf>.
WISCONSIN, University of Wisconsin Law School Digital Depository. ‘About Professor Marc Galanter´s involvement in Bhopal’ (n. d.). Available at: <https://repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/page/about-marc-galanter>.
BAKER, H. John. An Introduction to English Legal History (1979, 2nd edn, Butterworths).
BALDEZ, Miguel Lanzellotti Baldez. ‘Sobre o papel do direito na sociedade capitalista. Ocupações coletivas: Direito insurgente’ (1989, Centro de Defesa dos Direitos Humanos). Available at: <https://forumjustica.vlannetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/24135779-Miguel-Lanzellotti-Baldez-Sobre-o-papel-do-direito-na-sociedade capitalista-direito-insurgente.pdf>.
BANKOWSKI, Zenon & MUNGHAM, Geoff. Images of Law (1976, Routledge).
BBC. ‘The boss of Rio Tinto resigned as a consequence of this destruction’. (Sept 11, 2020). Available at: <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-54112991>.
BLACKSELL, Mark, ECONOMIDES Kim & WATKINS. Charles. Justice Outside the City: Access to Legal Services in Rural Britain (1991, Longman).
BLANKENBURG, Erhard. ‘Mobilisation of the Law’ (1984) 2(4). Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 461.
CARVALHO, Amilton Bueno de Carvalho. Magistratura e Direito Alternativo (2005, 7th edn, Lumen Juris).
CARVALHO, José Murilo. Cidadania no Brasil: o longo caminho (2004, Civilização Brasileira).
CHAYES, Abram. 'The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation' (1976) 89 Harvard Law Review 1281.
COCKBURN, J S. A History of the English Assizes 1558-1714 (1972, Cambridge UP).
COVERDALE, Richard. ‘Postcode justice: rural and regional disadvantage in the administration of the law’ (2011) 16(1) Deakin Law Review 155.
CREE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT (n.d.). Available at: <https://www.creejustice.ca/index.php/ca/itinerant-court>.
ECONOMIDES, Kim. ‘Small Claims and Procedural Justice’ (1980) 7 British Journal of Law and Society, 111.
______________, Kim. ‘Reading the Waves of Access to Justice’ (1999) 31(1) Bracton Law Journal.
_____________, Kim. ‘Devon Law Bus’ May 2003, Legal Action, 9-10.
_____________, Kim. ‘Strategies for Meeting Rural Legal Needs: Lessons from Local, Regional and International Experience’ (2011) 16(1) Deakin Law Review 47.
_____________, Kim, HAUG, Alfred & MCINTYRE, Joe. ‘Toward Timeliness in Civil Justice’ (2015) 41:2 Monash University Law Review 414-444.
______________, Kim. ‘On Liberating Law from the tyranny of the City’ in FERRAZ, Leslie S (ed), Repensando o Acesso à Justiça: Estudos Internacionais (2016, Evocati), 151.
______________, Kim. & BLACKSELL, Mark. ‘Access to Justice in Rural Britain: Final Report’ (1987) 16:4 Anglo-American Law Review 353-375.
_____________. Kim, HAUG, Alfred A & MCINTYRE, Joe. ‘Toward Timeliness in Civil Justice’ (2015) 41:2 Monash University Law Review 414-444.
_____________. Kim, TIMOSCHANKO, Aaron & FERRAZ, Leslie S. "Justice at the Edge: Hearing the Sound of Silence" (2020) 41(1) Adelaide Law Review 39.
FALCÃO, Joaquim. Conflito de Direito de Propriedade – Invasões Urbanas (1974, Forense).
FARINELLI, Alisson Henrique do Prado. A crise do acesso à justiça e a justiça itinerante como alternativa (2009, Dissertação, Umuarama, Universidade Paranaense). Available at: <http://livros01.livrosgratis.com.br/cp124567.pdf>.
FOE. Violence in Marree – WMC Interference (March 5, 1995). Available at: <https://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/oz/u/roxby/1990s> (n.d.).
HART, Caroline. The Seven Elements of Successful Country Law Firms (2018, Federation Press).
FERRARI, Philippe Cunha. Justiça Itinerante: de barco, de ônibus e de avião: em busca da Justiça (2017, Multifoco).
FERRAZ, Leslie. ‘Brazilian Itinerant Justice: An Effective Model to Improve Access to Justice to Disadvantaged People?’ in FERRAZ, Leslie (ed), Repensando o Acesso à Justiça: Estudos Internacionais (2016, Evocati).
FRENCH, Robert. ‘Law and Justice Outside the CBD’ (2011) 16(1) Deakin Law Review 1.
GALANTER, Marc. 'Why the Haves Come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change' (1974) 9 Law & Soc'y Rev 95.
______________, Marc. ‘Access to Justice in a World of Expanding Social Capability’ (2010) 37(1) Fordham Urban Law Journal 115.
GARTH, Bryant. Neighborhood Law Firms for the Poor (1980, Sijthoff).
GAULIA, Cristina Tereza, A experiência da Justiça Itinerante: o espaço de encontro da magistratura com a população brasileira (2020, Mauad).
HOLSTON, James. Cidadania insurgente: disjunções da democracia e da modernidade no Brasil (2013, Companhia das Letras).
IPEA, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Democratização do Acesso à Justiça e Efetivação de Direitos: Justiça Itinerante no Brasil (2015, IPEA Research Report).
JWB - Justice Without Borders (n.d.). Available at: <https://forjusticewithoutborders.org/about/>.
KOENIG, Kevin. Manufacturing Consent: Ecuador to Draft New Bill on the Consultation of Indigenous Peoples, Without Consulting Them. Amazon Watch (Nov 18, 2020). Available at: <amazonwatch.org/news/2020/1118-manufacturing-consent-ecuador-to-draft-new-fpic-bill-without-indigenous-consultation>.
LAVARCH, Michael. ‘A New Stolen Generation?” (2017) 19 Flinders Law Journal 1.
LAW COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA, The Justice Project: RRR Australians (Final Report, 2017) 7. Available at: <https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/files/web-pdf/Justice%20Project/Final%20Report/Rural%20Regional%20and%20Remote%20%28RRR%29%20Australians%20%28Part%201%29.pdf >.
LWOB - Lawyers Without Borders (n.d.). Available at: <https://www.lawyerswithoutborders.org>.
MARCHETTI, Elena & DALY, Kathleen. ‘Indigenous courts and Justice Practices in Australia’ (2004) 277 Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 277.
MOREIRA, Rafaela Selem. Do acesso à justiça para a cidadania à construção da cidadania para a justiça: decodificando o potencial da justiça itinerante (2017, Tese, Niterói, Universidade Federal Fluminense).
PLEASENCE, Pascoe. ‘Learning from the Paths to Justice Tradition: are Legal Needs Surveys Feasible in Brazil?’ in ALVES, Cleber Francisco & GONZÁLEZ, Pedro (eds), Defensoria Pública no Século XXI: Novos Horizontes e Desafios (2020, 2nd edn, Lumen Juris).
RAMSTEDT, Martin & ECONOMIDES, Kim, ‘Anthropological and postcolonial approaches: On socio-cultural dimensions of the access-to-justice problem and the need to learn from First Nations and Indigenous tribal peoples’ - IV Global Thematic Reports, Ch.8 in Vol.1 – A New Global Survey, Global Access to Justice Project (forthcoming, 2021).
RANGIAH, Darryl. ‘Aboriginal Natives Shall not be Counted: Legal and Societal Change 50 years on from the 1967 Referendum’ (2019-20) 21:1 Flinders Law Journal 31.
REMOTE COURTS WORLDWIDE (n.d.). Available at: <https://remotecourts.org>.
REMOTE JUSTICE STORIES (n.d.). Available at: <https://www.remotejusticestories.org>.
REMOTE LAW CANADA (n.d.). Available at: < https://www.remotelawcanada.com>
RIBAS, Luiz Otávio. ‘O adeus à Miguel Baldez: ícone da advocacia popular brasileira’, Brasil de Fato, 11 June 2020.
SÁ, Eduardo, BERNARDO, Gabriel & RESENDE, Gilka. ‘O direito à moradia: entrevista com Miguel Baldez’, Vai encarar? (July, 5 2010). Available at: < https://vaiencarar.wordpress.com/2010/07/05/em-defesa-da-moradia-popular-entrevista-com-miguel-baldez-por-fazendo-media/>.
SADEK, Maria Tereza. ‘Judiciário: mudanças e reformas’ (2004) 18 (51) Estudos Avançados 89. Available at: <https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v18n51/a05v1851.pdf>.
SIEGEL, Natalie. ‘Bush Courts of Remote Australia’ (2002) 76(10) Australian Law Journal 640.
SMILLIE, John. ‘Who wants Juristocracy?” (2006) 11 Otago Law Review 183.
THOMAS, R W, ROBSON. B T & NUTTER, R D. County Court Workloads: A Location-Allocation Analysis (1989, Working Paper 7, Centre for Urban Policy Studies, School of Geography, University of Manchester, UK).
VIEIRA, Aluizio. ‘Ações de justiça e cidadania são levadas a indígenas de Roraima’ 18 April, 2019. Available at: <http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/7492/1/RP_Democrratiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_2015.pdf>.
WISCONSIN, University of Wisconsin Law School Digital Depository. ‘About Professor Marc Galanter´s involvement in Bhopal’ (n. d.). Available at: <https://repository.law.wisc.edu/s/uwlaw/page/about-marc-galanter>.
Downloads
Published
2021-01-16
How to Cite
Economides, K. . (2021). ITINERANT JUSTICE AND PROACTIVE LEGAL SERVICES: ORIGINS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. Direito Em Movimento, 18(3), 176–198. Retrieved from https://ojs.emerj.com.br/index.php/direitoemmovimento/article/view/332
Issue
Section
Artigos
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Direito em Movimento
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this Journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Constitutional Research the right of first publication with the article simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International which allows sharing the work with recognition of the authors and its initial publication in this Journal.
- Authors are able to take on additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the paper published in this Journal (eg.: publishing in institutional repository or as a book), with a recognition of its initial publication in this Journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish their work online (eg.: in institutional repositories or on their personal website) at any point before or during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as increase the impact and the citation of the published work (see the Effect of Open Access).
